Since this initial report, resveratrol has continued to demonstrate extraordinary potential in prolonging life. In numerous studies resveratrol has demonstrated effects that mimic those of caloric restriction, the best-documented anti-aging strategy to date. In all animals in which it has been tested, caloric restriction—the practice of restricting calorie intake while maintaining good nutritional status—improves multiple aspects of age-related decline. Caloric restriction does this, in part, by producing changes in gene expression that are associated with long life and a slowing of the aging process.
Resveratrol is also gaining growing recognition for its promise in fighting age-related diseases ranging from dementia to diabetes. For example, the National Institute of Health is currently sponsoring a clinical trial investigating resveratrol’s ability to fight colon cancer.
RESEVERATROL AND CALORIC RESTRICTION
To date, the most reliable, best-researched way to extend life span is through the practice of caloric restriction, which involves reducing calorie intake while simultaneously maintaining good nutritional status.
In numerous studies, restricting calorie intake in laboratory animals has been shown to prolong their life span by as much as 60%.1-3 While scientists have not yet determined whether caloric restriction extends life span in humans, the preliminary evidence is very promising. In humans, consuming a low-calorie diet is associated with several possible markers of greater longevity, such as lower insulin levels and reduced body temperatures, along with less of the chromosomal damage that typically accompanies aging.4 Furthermore, people who consume a low-calorie diet may be less prone to diseases associated with being overweight or obese, such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cancer, and atherosclerosis.
Although caloric restriction may be effective in promoting longevity, the problem is that most adults find this stringent lifestyle strategy to be impractical. As a result, scientists have sought to uncover the precise mechanisms by which caloric restriction promotes longevity, in order to help people capture its life-extending benefits through more practical means.
RESVERATROL OFFSETS PERILS OF A HIGH-
CALORIE DIET
Remarkable new research suggests that it may be possible to achieve the life-extending benefits of caloric restriction using the readily available, plant-derived compound known as resveratrol. Resveratrol and caloric restriction appear to work via similar mechanisms to promote health and longevity in numerous animal species.
In an interview, a leading resveratrol researcher, Dr. Xi Zhao-Wilson of BioMarker Pharmaceuticals, told Life Extension, “There has been a great deal of attention focused on resveratrol in the past few years, following a study showing that resveratrol activates molecular pathways involved in life-span extension, now demonstrated in yeast, worms, flies, fish, and mice, and which possibly bear a relationship to mechanisms under-lying caloric restriction.”
This heightened interest in resveratrol has produced several recent breakthroughs. In a landmark study, Harvard University scientists showed that resveratrol could prolong survival by regulating a gene associated with aging that is present in all life forms.5 They demonstrated that while middle-aged mice fed a high-calorie diet suffered the ravages of obesity—including metabolic changes resembling diabetes, liver and heart damage, and premature death—mice that were fed resveratrol in addition to the high-calorie diet actually exhibited beneficial changes in their physiology, resembling those of mice fed a standard diet.5
Among the life-prolonging benefits of resveratrol supplementation demonstrated in the study were:
- increased insulin sensitivity
- lower blood sugar
- enhanced mitochondrial energy production
- improved motor function.
While mice on the non-supplemented high-calorie diet developed enlarged, fatty livers, resveratrol supplementation prevented these changes. Similarly, heart disease and evidence of atherosclerosis were seen in mice fed the high-calorie diet, but not in those that were also given resveratrol. Resveratrol significantly increased survival, reducing the risk of death from the high-calorie diet by 31%. Together, these findings offer powerful evidence that resveratrol protected the animals from the harmful effects of a high-calorie diet.5
Resveratrol’s positive impacts on insulin sensitivity and survival were apparent after only six months of treatment.5 Resveratrol also improved the animals’ quality of life, as reflected in their physical abilities. On a test of balance and coordination, the resveratrol-fed mice on the high-calorie diet steadily improved as they aged.5 The obese resveratrol-supplemented animals experienced all of these benefits without a significant reduction in body weight.5
“These data demonstrate that resveratrol can alleviate the negative impact of a high-calorie diet on overall health and life span,” the Harvard scientists concluded. “The ability of resveratrol to prevent the deleterious effects of excess caloric intake and modulate known longevity pathways suggests that resveratrol and molecules with similar properties might be valuable tools in the search for key regulators of energy balance, health, and longevity.”5
MECHANISMS BY WHICH RESVERATROL MAY EXTEND LIFE
Today, scientists around the world are studying resveratrol to determine how it helps fight aging and prolong life span. Current evidence suggests that resveratrol exerts antioxidant effects, boosts energy production, and favorably alters patterns of gene expression.
Oxidative stress is implicated in numerous disease processes and in aging itself. Resveratrol demonstrates powerful antioxidant capabilities, with profound implications for human health. Scientists report that resveratrol inhibits the oxidation of dangerous low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and scavenges harmful hydroxyl radicals. Resveratrol also helps preserve levels of glutathione, one of the body’s most essential antioxidants.6According to prominent resveratrol investigator Dr. Milos Sovak, “There is no question that resveratrol is one of the best free-radical scavengers and that it has many effects whose ramifications might affect not only longevity but also general health.”
Resveratrol stimulates energy production in the cellular powerhouses known as the mitochondria. Diminished mitochondrial energy production is associated with reduced longevity. By enhancing the production of life-sustaining energy, resveratrol may help protect against metabolic disease and obesity, thereby improving health and prolonging survival in animals.7
Growing evidence indicates that resveratrol influences many genetic pathways, which may underlie its ability to lengthen life. In the recent Harvard study, investigators noted that a high-calorie diet produced numerous changes in gene expression. However, supplemental resveratrol opposed the effects of this high-calorie diet in 144 of 153 significantly altered genetic pathways. Moreover, resveratrol’s effects were dose dependent, with larger amounts yielding greater effects, leading the investigators to suggest that resveratrol may offer “new approaches for treating obesity-related disorders and diseases of aging.”7
Some of the genetic pathways influenced by resveratrol are similarly affected by caloric restriction. For example, caloric restriction is associated with long-term activation of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), a metabolic enzyme promoting insulin sensitivity and fatty-acid oxidation. Resveratrol likewise increases AMPK activity, which is associated with life-span extension.5
Scientists believe that caloric restriction increases life span in part through its effects on the sirtuin genes.5 Present in all life forms, sirtuin genes are associated with aging and longevity. Resveratrol may confer benefits similar to those of caloric restriction by influencing the sirtuin gene known as SIRT2.5,8-10 In the Harvard study, resveratrol helped counteract changes in SIRT2 expression induced by a high-calorie diet.5
“The genes and pathways [affected by resveratrol or by caloric restriction] are related to activation of sirtuins, a class of histone deacetylase enzymes (HDACs) involved in cell death and life-span regulation,” Dr. Zhao-Wilson told Life Extension. “Based on the large body of evidence, the resveratrol/sirtuin activators have become the focus of pharmaceutical drug discovery efforts now [targeting] HDACs.”
Researchers believe that compounds like resveratrol that either activate or inhibit sirtuin activity may have therapeutic potential for a broad array of human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, heart failure, and neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s disease.11
Specific Health Applications of Resveratrol
CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH
One of resveratrol’s most studied applications involves the prevention of cardiovascular disease. “The cardioprotective effects of resveratrol have been studied for years, based largely on the association of wine consumption with reduced risk of coronary heart disease,” notes Dr. Zhao-Wilson.
This plant-derived compound appears to act through several mechanisms to protect the cardiovascular system. Resveratrol may inhibit platelets from clumping together, thus reducing the risk of deadly blood clots that can lead to heart attack and stroke. 18-21 Furthermore, resveratrol helps improve blood flow by exerting beneficial effects on the linings of small blood vessels, known as the endothelium. This is a critical finding, since endothelial dysfunction is believed to underlie the progression of atherosclerosis.22-24
CANCER
In addition to its cardioprotective effects,25-27 resveratrol exhibits a range of anti-cancer properties.28 In laboratory cell studies, resveratrol has been found to inhibit the growth of numerous types of cancer, including leukemias, multiple myeloma, melanoma, and cancers of the breast, ovaries, prostate, stomach, colon, liver, pancreas, thyroid, uterine cervix, and head and neck.29,30
Resveratrol suppresses tumor growth by increasing or decreasing the production of various enzymes and molecules that regulate cellular reproduction and blood supply to the tumor.30,31 Through these mechanisms, resveratrol may enhance the anti-cancer effects of chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation.29 With its potent antioxidant capabilities,32,33 resveratrol may even protect healthy tissues from damage induced by chemotherapy. Since chemotherapy harms both healthy and cancerous tissues, this finding may have important applications in helping cancer patients tolerate its effects.34
Clinical trials in humans have shown that resveratrol has an excellent safety profile, and structural modifications of resveratrol with improved bioavailability are being studied as potential anti-cancer treatments.29
“Resveratrol is currently the subject of National Institutes of Health-sponsored clinical studies to evaluate its chemoprevention (cancer-preventive) effects,” according to Dr. Zhao-Wilson. An ongoing clinical trial at the University of California is studying resveratrol in patients with colon cancer.
INFLAMMATION AND ARTHRITIS
A common culprit in heart disease, cancer, and arthritis is chronic inflammation, mediated by naturally produced compounds in the body known as prostaglandins and cytokines. By blocking the activity of such inflammatory compounds, resveratrol may have therapeutic applications for all of these conditions.35,36
In a recently published study, scientists reported that resveratrol shows promise as a potential therapy for arthritis. When administered to animals with experimentally induced inflammatory arthritis, resveratrol protected cartilage against inflammatory changes related to the disease.37
NEUROPROTECTION
Resveratrol shows promise in protecting the brain and nervous system against disorders associated with aging and genetic factors. In laboratory studies, resveratrol’s antioxidant effect has been shown to protect against nerve cell damage caused by beta-amyloid peptide, which accumulates in the brains of Alzheimer’s sufferers.38-40 This has led several research teams to propose that resveratrol may be a useful treatment for Alzheimer’s disease.41-43
According to a recent report, resveratrol demonstrated a protective effect against Huntington’s disease in animal models.44 Huntington’s is a genetic disease associated with impaired motor skills and reduced mental abilities.
Additionally, grape seed extract appears to protect rat brain cells and maintain the overall viability of the nervous system. Grape seed exerts these effects by modulating proteins implicated in cognitive disorders.24
DIABETES
Resveratrol may offer benefits in preventing or managing conditions associated with high blood sugar, such as metabolic syndrome or diabetes. Sirtris Pharmaceuticals, a company founded by Dr. David Sinclair, leader of the Harvard resveratrol study, is conducting a clinical trial to evaluate resveratrol’s effects in controlling blood sugar in patients with diabetes.
EXTENDING HUMAN LIFE SPAN
Based on his study of experimental life-span extension in mice,45 Dr. Richard A. Miller of the University of Michigan suggests that resveratrol may extend the human life span.
Dr. Miller speculates that with effects similar to those of caloric restriction, resveratrol could extend human longevity to about 112 or even 140 years of healthy life.
Practical Considerations for Optimal
Supplementation
While plentiful data attest to resveratrol’s potential benefits for health and longevity, certain practical concerns must be addressed to obtain its optimal effects as a dietary supplement. These include resveratrol’s stability, shelf life, dosage, and the variability of different available preparations. Even today, much remains to be learned about the pharmacokinetics of resveratrol—that is, how it is absorbed, utilized, broken down, and excreted in humans.
BIOAVAILABILITY
Laboratory and animal studies clearly show that resveratrol and its derivatives are biologically active. However, Dr. Zhao-Wilson notes that there are “significant issues related to what is currently known about resveratrol’s bioavailability—it appears to be rapidly metabolized in humans.” Dr. Sovak agrees, commenting, “One problem with resveratrol is that we do not know that much about its resorption and bioavailability in humans, but as expected, the compound is rapidly metabolized and excreted.”
Scientists are exploring ways to optimize resveratrol’s pharmacokinetics. For example, in the Czech Republic, where resveratrol has been approved as a nutritional supplement, Dr. Sovak and his colleagues conducted a pilot study in humans comparing high-purity, pharmaceutical-grade resveratrol to resveratrol glycon, the natural form of resveratrol extracted from the Polygonum plant. Of the two preparations, resveratrol glycon was found to be more easily absorbed in the body and to have better pharmacokinetics.
Another method under investigation to improve resveratrol’s bioavailability is administering it concomitantly with plant-derived flavonoids. Numerous studies suggest that the bioflavonoid quercetin slows the inactivation of resveratrol, thus improving its bioavailability.46,47 A novel type of quercetin, quercetin chalcone, demonstrates superior absorption and solubility, and may thus be the optimal form of this bioflavonoid.48
STABILITY
Previously, scientists were concerned that the clinical usefulness of certain resveratrol-encapsulated preparations could be limited by poor stability, limited shelf life, or exposure to light and air. However, recent stability studies by Dr. Sovak and his colleagues at the Czechoslovak company Interpharma Praha have demonstrated these concerns to be unjustified. Resveratrol is generally stable for at least two years and does not require special packaging or storage.49
PURITY
Not all resveratrol preparations are of equal quality. “As for the variability of different available preparations, this is always an issue with respect to manufacturing and quality control associated with dietary supplements in general,” says Dr. Zhao-Wilson. “It is ‘buyer beware,’ and one must find a high-quality source with a vested interest in providing consumers with the best available products and scientific evidence to back them up.”
DOSAGE
In addition to exploring resveratrol’s many potential health applications, researchers are also trying to determine the optimal dose needed to capture its benefits.
“There have been insufficient studies to date in humans to address issues related to optimal dose,” notes Dr. Zhao-Wilson. “Extrapolation of optimal dose from animal studies to humans is always more of an art than a science, and the appropriate studies still need to be done. Nevertheless, reasonable assumptions can be made, and there is even evidence that low doses may be effective for certain conditions.”
Many commercially available supplements provide 20 mg of resveratrol daily. The rationale behind this dosage is that prior to the widespread use of pesticides, French red wine contained approximately 20 mg of resveratrol per liter, and those drinking about a liter daily appeared to derive the cardioprotective benefit associated with the French paradox. Now that the resveratrol content in red wine has decreased to 90 micrograms per fluid ounce,50 a 20-mg (20,000-mcg) resveratrol supplement contains approximately 220 times the amount of resveratrol in one fluid ounce of red wine, or about 41 times the amount in one glass of red wine.
Studies by BioMarker have shown that resveratrol offers benefits for gene expression and longevity in a variety of species using a dosage comparable to 20 mg daily in humans. However, given the extraordinary findings of recent studies using high-dose resveratrol supplements—and their profound implications for human health—some resveratrol researchers and other health-conscious people are now consuming even larger daily dosages.
As for who should supplement with resveratrol, leading researchers maintain that in addition to benefiting patients with specific disease conditions, resveratrol may confer broad-spectrum protection to anyone seeking to live a long life in optimal health.
According to Dr. Zhao-Wilson, “the properties associated with resveratrol appear to be largely protective—cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory—and the current data suggest that most people could benefit from dietary supplementation with resveratrol obtained from a high-quality source.” Dr. Zhao-Wilson adds that resveratrol is generally safe when taken in conventional dosages.
Dr. Sovak similarly recommends resveratrol as a health-protective agent, noting that resveratrol may be helpful both alone and in combination with other antioxidants, such as epigallocatechins derived from green tea.51,52
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Source: "Life Extension Magazine" (Spring 2007)
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